How to Read Weather Patterns in the Wilderness

One of the most common reasons for people getting stuck in a survival situation in the wilderness is a sudden change in the weather. Learning to predict the weather makes the difference between a safe adventure and a hazardous situation, but there is much more to look for than just how cloudy it is. The single best thing you can do is check the forecast before you leave, but this isn’t always an option when on long trips, so learning other methods to stay safe from the weather is crucial.

(This is Eric Lemarque, he ignored a warning from the snow patrol and “didn’t think” the weather looked that bad. His mistake cost him both his lower legs)

Why Understanding Weather Patterns is important

Weather in the wilderness can change unexpectedly, especially in remote areas far from modern forecasting tools. Being able to read weather patterns offers several benefits:

Safety: Prevents being caught in storms or extreme weather conditions.

Preparation: Helps adjust plans for shelter, clothing, and travel routes.

Survival: Ensures you can find safety or adapt to environmental changes quickly.

Learning to interpret nature’s signals and combining them with basic meteorological knowledge can provide you with an invaluable edge in the wild.

Basic Meteorology for Wilderness Survival

Before diving into practical techniques, it’s helpful to grasp basic meteorological principles:

Air Pressure:

High pressure generally brings clear skies and calm conditions.

Low pressure often leads to cloudy skies, rain, or storms.

Cloud Formation:

Clouds form when moist air cools and condenses. The type of clouds can indicate weather changes.

Wind Patterns:

Wind direction and speed often shift before the weather changes. A sudden, strong gust can signal an approaching storm.

Temperature Trends:

Sudden temperature drops often accompany incoming storms or cold fronts.

Natural Indicators of Weather Changes

Nature provides a wealth of clues about upcoming weather. Observing your surroundings closely can give you valuable insights.

Cloud Types and Their Meaning

Clouds are among the most reliable indicators of weather patterns. Here are some common types and what they suggest:

Cirrus Clouds:

Thin, wispy clouds high in the sky.

Indicate fair weather but may signal a change within 24–48 hours.

Cumulus Clouds:

Fluffy, white clouds with flat bases.

Usually signify stable weather, but rapid vertical growth can signal thunderstorms.

Stratus Clouds:

Low, gray clouds that often cover the sky like a blanket.

Typically bring overcast conditions and light rain or drizzle.

Nimbus Clouds:

Dark, thick clouds.

Indicate heavy rain or storms.

Wind Patterns

Changes in wind can reveal shifts in weather:

Calm Before a Storm: A sudden lull in wind often precedes a storm.

Shifting Wind Direction: Winds veering (shifting clockwise) often indicate improving weather, while backing winds (shifting counterclockwise) can signal worsening conditions.

(This is Shuei Kato, another victim of a sudden weather change which caused him to walk down the wrong side of a mountain)

Animal Behavior

Animals are highly sensitive to atmospheric changes. Observing their behavior can offer clues:

Birds: Birds often fly low before a storm due to lower air pressure.

Insects: Increased insect activity may suggest impending rain, as they often become more active in humid conditions.

Mammals: Animals like deer and rabbits may seek shelter or behave nervously before a storm.

Plant Reactions

Plants also respond to environmental changes:

Flowers: Some flowers, like dandelions, close their petals when rain is imminent.

Leaves: Leaves on certain trees, like maples, may curl or turn upward before rain.

Practical Techniques for Predicting Weather

Reading the Sky

The sky offers a wealth of information about upcoming weather:

Red Sky Phenomenon:

“Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning.”

A red sky at sunset often indicates good weather as high pressure pushes dust particles eastward.

A red sky at dawn can signal an approaching storm system from the west.

Halo Around the Moon or Sun:

A ring around the moon or sun is caused by light passing through ice crystals in high cirrus clouds.

Often signals rain or snow within 24 hours.

Color of the Clouds:

White or light gray clouds suggest stable weather.

Darkening clouds indicate moisture buildup and potential rain.

Barometric Pressure Observations

Barometers are excellent tools for predicting weather, but in the absence of one, you can observe natural barometric pressure signs:

Ear Sensations: A popping or plugged feeling in your ears can indicate a drop in pressure, signaling a storm.

Temperature and Humidity: Sudden increases in humidity and warmth often precede rain.

Tracking Wind Changes

Pay attention to wind direction and strength:

Use a lightweight object like a leaf or a piece of grass to sense wind direction.
Strengthening winds and sudden gusts often herald a front or storm system.

Using Tools to Aid Weather Prediction

While natural signs are invaluable, certain tools can enhance your predictions:

Compass:
Use it to detect changes in wind direction.

Altimeter:
Sudden changes in altitude readings can suggest shifts in air pressure.

Weather Apps:
Even in remote areas, occasional access to apps or satellite communication can provide updates.

Pocket Weather Meters:
Compact, portable devices that measure temperature, humidity, and pressure.

Weather Prediction by Seasons

Understanding seasonal patterns can further refine your predictions.

Spring and Summer

Storms often form quickly due to warm, moist air rising rapidly.
Afternoon thunderstorms are common in mountainous areas.

Autumn

Watch for cold fronts that bring abrupt temperature drops and strong winds.
Frost may form overnight as temperatures plummet.

Winter

Snowstorms are often preceded by gray, overcast skies and falling temperatures.
Foggy conditions are common in valleys due to temperature inversions.

Safety Tips for Adverse Weather

Even with careful observation, weather can remain unpredictable. Follow these safety tips to stay prepared:

Build Sturdy Shelters:

Always carry a tarp or materials to create an emergency shelter.
Seek natural cover, such as rock overhangs or dense tree clusters.

Stay Dry:

Wet clothing can lead to hypothermia, even in mild temperatures.
Prioritize waterproof layers.

Plan Escape Routes:

Identify higher ground or safe zones in case of flash floods or strong winds.

Avoid Dangerous Areas:

Stay away from tall, isolated trees or open fields during thunderstorms.

Avoid riverbanks and dry creek beds that may flood suddenly.

Practice Makes Perfect

Reading weather patterns in the wilderness is a skill that improves with practice. Spend time outdoors observing the environment in different conditions. Keep a journal to track the accuracy of your predictions and refine your techniques over time.