Surviving the Journey from South to North America

Every year, tens of thousands of migrants undertake the grueling journey from South America to North America, driven by the hope of escaping poverty, violence, and political instability. The trek is fraught with dangers, from dense jungles and arid deserts to criminal gangs and harsh immigration enforcement. But what exactly do the people making this journey have to face, and what are their chances of survival?

(The Pan-American Highway is the route most commonly followed to the north, though there are no roads through on section of it)

Stage 1: Departing South America

For many, the journey begins in countries such as Venezuela, Colombia, or Ecuador. The decision to leave home is often born out of desperation, with economic collapse, political oppression, and widespread violence serving as catalysts. Migrants often sell their belongings to finance their journey, knowing the risks but feeling they have no other choice. The initial phase typically involves traveling through Colombia to reach the northern coast, where they prepare to enter the Darién Gap—the first and perhaps most dangerous obstacle.

Stage 2: Crossing the Darién Gap

The Darién Gap, a dense and lawless jungle spanning the border between Colombia and Panama, is one of the most perilous segments of the migration route. Lacking roads and infrastructure, this uncharted region is a grueling trek that can take up to ten days or longer. Migrants face intense physical exhaustion as they navigate steep terrain, dense foliage, and unpredictable weather. The jungle is home to dangerous wildlife, including snakes, insects, and large predators. Disease is also a constant threat, with exposure to malaria, dengue fever, and other tropical illnesses.

In addition to natural dangers, the Darién Gap is notorious for criminal activity. Armed groups, human traffickers, and bandits prey on vulnerable travelers, robbing them of their possessions and subjecting some to violence or exploitation. Families traveling with children face additional hardships, as carrying supplies and tending to young children while navigating treacherous terrain is both physically and emotionally exhausting. Many migrants suffer injuries from falls or exhaustion, and some do not survive the journey.

Stage 3: Reaching Panama and Traveling Through Central America

Upon emerging from the jungle, survivors enter Panama, where they often seek aid from humanitarian organizations that provide food, medical care, and temporary shelter. Despite this brief respite, their journey is far from over. Migrants must continue north through Central America, passing through countries such as Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala. Each border crossing presents its own challenges, as many countries have strict immigration policies and heavily patrolled checkpoints.

Migrants often rely on overcrowded buses, trucks, or even continue on foot due to limited financial resources. Those without proper documentation face constant risk of arrest and deportation. The journey through Central America is marked by a combination of harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme heat and unpredictable weather, as well as the constant threat of exploitation by smugglers and criminal organizations.

Stage 4: Navigating Mexico

Mexico is one of the longest and most dangerous stages of the journey. Migrants typically travel along well-known routes toward border cities such as Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, or Reynosa. However, the sheer size of the country means that the journey can take weeks or even months. Mexican immigration authorities regularly conduct raids and deportations, forcing migrants to travel through remote areas with harsh weather conditions, including scorching deserts and freezing mountains.

One of the most notorious methods of travel is aboard freight trains collectively known as “La Bestia” (The Beast). Clinging to the roofs and sides of moving trains is both illegal and extremely dangerous, with many migrants suffering severe injuries or fatalities from falls. Despite the risks, this method of travel remains common due to its speed and affordability. Along the way, migrants are vulnerable to theft, violence, and extortion by criminal groups who control key parts of the route.

Stage 5: Crossing the United States Border

The final hurdle is reaching and crossing the United States border, one of the most heavily fortified borders in the world. Migrants often attempt to cross through remote areas such as the Sonoran Desert, where extreme temperatures and limited water sources pose life-threatening risks. Others attempt to cross rivers or scale border fences, all while avoiding surveillance technology and Border Patrol agents.

Smugglers, known as “coyotes,” offer to guide migrants across the border for high fees. While some provide genuine assistance, others abandon their clients in dangerous situations or subject them to abuse. Migrants often face overcrowded, unsafe transport conditions, with some tragically losing their lives during the crossing.

Stage 6: Entry into the United States and the Challenges Beyond

For those who successfully cross the border, a new set of challenges begins. Without legal status, finding employment and housing is difficult, and the constant fear of arrest and deportation looms large. Many migrants seek asylum, a legal process that requires proving a credible fear of persecution in their home country. However, the asylum process is lengthy and complex, with many applicants waiting months or even years for a decision.

Families with children face additional challenges, as they must navigate a system that is often unprepared to address their needs. Language barriers, lack of healthcare, and limited access to education further compound the difficulties. Despite these hardships, many migrants are determined to build a better future, demonstrating remarkable resilience and determination.

The journey from South to North America is a harrowing test of human endurance and resolve. Each stage presents its own unique dangers, from the natural obstacles of the Darién Gap and the Sonoran Desert to the human threats of criminal gangs and immigration enforcement. Understanding the challenges faced by migrants highlights the urgent need for compassionate immigration policies and increased humanitarian support. By acknowledging their struggles, we can foster greater empathy and advocate for solutions that ensure the safety and dignity of all who seek a better life.